Predictive Modeling for Growth and Enterotoxin Production of Staphylococcus aureus in Milk

Predictive microbiology was utilized to model Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) growth and staphylococcal enterotoxin A(SEA) production in milk in this study. The modified logistic model, modified Gompertz model and Baranyi model were applied to model growth data of S. aureus between 15℃ and 37℃. Model comparisons indicated that Baranyi model described the growth data more accurately than two others with a mean square error of 0.0129. Growth rates generated from Baranyi model matched the observed ones with a bias factor of 0.999 and an accuracy factor of 1.01, and fit a square root model with respect to temperature; other two modified models both overestimated the observed ones. SEA amount began to be detected when the cell number reached 10~(6.4) cfu · mL~(-1), and showed the linear correlation with time. Besides, the rate of SEA production fitted an exponential relationship as a function of temperature. Predictions based on the study could be applied to indicate possible growth of S. aureus and prevent the occurrence of staphylococcal food poisoning.     

5种锌源对凡纳滨对虾生长、生化和免疫指标的影响

在水温28~33℃、盐度27~31条件下,将体质量(0.340±0.001)g的凡纳滨对虾,随机分养到18个380L玻璃钢桶中,每桶放虾40尾,投喂在基础饲料中分别添加40mg/kg源于七水硫酸锌、蛋氨酸锌、甘氨酸锌、美多C-锌A型(结合型)和美多C-锌B型(包被型)锌的饲料(含锌量为78.28~86.18mg/kg),对照组不添加(含锌36.62mg/kg),喂养8周,每个处理3个重复。试验结果表明,锌添加组虾的质量增加率和特定生长率显著高于对照组(P0.05),其中蛋氨酸锌组最佳,饲料系数最低。锌添加组全虾粗脂肪和肝体比高于对照组,全虾粗蛋白及除美多C-锌B型组外的全虾粗灰分低于对照组(P0.05)。美多C-锌B型组凡纳滨对虾血清总蛋白含量最高,其次为蛋氨酸锌组;硫酸锌组虾血清甘油三酯和胆固醇均最高。蛋氨酸锌组虾血清总超氧化物歧化酶、碱性磷酸酯酶、酸性磷酸酶和酚氧化酶活性最高。锌添加组全虾锌含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),硫酸锌组虾肌肉锌含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),其他组与对照组和硫酸锌组无显著差异(P0.05)。综上所述,蛋氨酸锌促进凡纳滨对虾生长,提升免疫力的效果最佳,是饲料中适宜的锌源。     

中华绒螯蟹微孢子虫研究进展

微孢子虫是专性细胞内寄生的真核生物,有着广泛的宿主。中华绒螯蟹微孢子虫可以引起中华绒螯蟹微孢子虫病,因此而受到重视。本文简要综述了中华绒螯蟹微孢子虫的生物学特性,检测方法以及中华绒螯蟹微孢子虫病的研究现状,以期为有效防治河蟹微孢子虫病提供参考。     

完善内地主产棉区棉花补贴机制的思考与建议——以山东省为例

总结了棉花目标价格补贴政策实施以来山东植棉区的实施进展、成效与问题。从国家棉花产业安全和山东省经济社会发展角度，分析了山东植棉区棉花生产的重要地位和保持补贴政策稳定性的重要意义。以山东为例，提出了内地主产棉区棉花补贴政策改革建议。     

Effect of dietary phosphorus levels on growth and body composition of crucian carp,Carassius auratus under indoor and outdoor experiments

Indoor and outdoor experiments were carried out simultaneously to evaluate the effects of dietary phosphorus levels on growth performance and body composition of crucian carp. Monocalcium was used to formulate extruded feed containing available phosphorus (AP) of 1.5 (D1), 4.7 (D2), 6.3 (D3) and 9.0 (D4) g kg^?1. Twelve 500‐L recirculating tanks were assigned to four triplicate groups with each tank stocked with 15 juveniles (39.88 ± 0.14 g) for indoor experiment. Twelve polyethylene enclosures were assigned to four groups with each one stocked with 120 juveniles (44.08 ± 1.36 g). After 8 weeks of feeding, survival ranged from 96% to 100%. Weight gain, special growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and feed conversion rate did not show significant differences among dietary treatments in both experiments. Fish cultured in the enclosures grew better, although D1 and D2 treatments did not reach significant level. Crude protein and phosphorus content of the fish were not significantly affected by dietary phosphorus level. Moisture, crude lipid, crude ash and vertebrae phosphorus were significantly affected by different phosphorus levels. Based on vertebrae phosphorus, crucian carp cultured in the tanks and in the enclosures showed phosphorus deficiency under 4.7 g kg^?1 and 6.3 g kg^?1 AP, respectively.     

High water content silk protein-based hydrogels with tunable elasticity fabricated via a Ru(II) mediated photochemical cross-linking method

Silk is very promising in the field of biomaterials as a natural biomacromolecule. Silk protein can be made into various forms of materials, including hydrogels. However, silk protein-based hydrogels have not attracted much attention due to its weak mechanical properties. Here, we report high water content silk protein-based hydrogels with tunable elasticity which were fabricated through Ru(II) mediated photochemically cross-linking tyrosine residues in regenerated silk protein. The regenerated silk protein was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The gelation kinetics of the silk protein was studied by rheology measurements. The compressive mechanical properties of the silk protein-based hydrogels was investigated using compressive tests and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Compressive modulus of the hydrogels reached 349±64 MPa at 15 % strain. The fabricated silk protein-based hydrogels were also characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealing an interconnected porous network structure, typical of hydrogels, with an average pore size of approximately 130 μm. Finally, biocompatibility of the silk protein-based hydrogels was demonstrated through cell culture studies using a human fibroblast cell line, HFL1. The reported silk protein-based hydrogels represent a promising candidate for biomaterial applications.     

蜗牛消化酶提取河蟹微孢子虫基因组反应条件的优化

PCR是目前能够特异地检测河蟹微孢子虫的最灵敏的方法。河蟹微孢子虫孢子壁坚厚不易破碎,对许多化学物质有很强的抵抗性,常规的核酸抽提方法效果不够理想。本文通过对比PCR的结果,研究蜗牛消化酶对DNA抽提效果的影响,确定了酶作用的最佳反应条件,提高了PCR检测河蟹微孢子虫的灵敏性。结果显示:蜗牛消化酶提取微孢子虫DNA的酶促反应温度为37℃,底物浓度为20 mg,酶的使用浓度为酶/底物重量比400 mg/g,酶促反应时间为4 h。实验表明,使用蜗牛消化酶处理样品,有助于更加灵敏地检测出微孢子虫。该研究结果将有助于提高河蟹微孢子虫病的检验检测能力,对河蟹微孢子虫的检疫和防治具有积极意义。     

Silymarin inhibits adipogenesis in the adipocytes in grass carp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ctenopharyngodon idellus</Emphasis> in vitro and in vivo

In this study, two experiments were performed to explore the function of silymarin in adipogenesis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) using in vitro and in vivo models. In experiment 1, differentiated grass carp pre-adipocytes were treated with silymarin for 6 days. Treatment with 100 μg mL^?1silymarin (SM100 group) significantly reduced triglyceride accumulation at day 6. The adipogenic gene expression levels of PPARγ, C/EBPα, SREBP1c, FAS, SCD1, and LPL, and the protein expression level of PPARγ were significantly down-regulated in the SM100 group. Additionally, the SM100 group had significantly lower reactive oxygen species production and reduced glutathione contents compared with the control in vitro. In experiment 2, the juvenile grass carp (mean body weight= 27.4 ± 0.17 g) were fed six isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets in a factorial design containing 0, 100, or 200 mg kg^?1 silymarin (SM0, SM100, SM200) associated with either 4 or 8% lipid levels (low lipid, LL, and high lipid, HL, respectively) for 82 days. The results demonstrated that dietary silymarin supplementation significantly reduced the elevated intraperitoneal fat index in grass carp fed with high-lipid diets, and the gene expression of adipogenesis (PPARγ, FAS) when supplemented with dietary silymarin was notably lower than when no silymarin was supplemented under the high-lipid diets. Thus, our data suggest that silymarin suppressed lipid accumulation in grass carp both in vitro and in vivo, and the effect might be due to an influence on the expression of adipogenesis factors and ROS production partly associated with effects on antioxidant capability.     

转基因抗虫棉中棉所76高效制种技术规程

总结了优质抗虫棉中棉所76高效制种技术，包括：制种田的选择、前期准备、亲本种植与管理、制种程序及注意事项等关键技术。     

山西省冬小麦生产潜力时空分布与气象因子分析

估算一定区域内作物生产潜力,对于明确该区域作物生产力及其限制因子具有重要意义。采用农业生态区域法和生产潜力递减机制法估算山西省冬小麦生产潜力,并解析其与主要气象因子的关系。结果表明,2004-2013年山西省冬小麦平均光合、光温、气候和土地生产潜力分别介于63.63~74.81、10.86~12.97、3.68~5.65和2.71~4.73t/hm ²。山西冬小麦生产潜力分布特征为南部普遍低于中部地区,中部盆地地区普遍低于东西部高海拔地区。与2004-2008年相比,2009-2013年晋中西部地区和吕梁冬小麦光合和光温生产潜力有所增加,而晋中东部和长治东部的冬小麦气候和土地生产潜力有所降低。限制冬小麦气候和土地生产潜力的主要气象因子是生育期降水量和日平均温度。